ABSTRACT Droplet spectrum quality is essential to effectively control crop pests and diseases. This study aimed to characterize the droplet uniformity of the eight most popular flat-fan nozzles used by Brazilian farmers and relate it to their spraying quality. The method consisted of using a laser-diffraction-size analyser to determine droplet-size distribution for three fungicide spray solution compositions and at two flow rates. Our goal was to identify the nozzle models with the highest and lowest Span values for each fungicide spray solution. In the first stage, the results confirmed differences in uniformity and droplet size for both nozzle models and flow rates applied. However, these differences were not the same for both flow rates nor constant for all fungicide spray solution compositions. Through field experiments, we could understand how the combination of flow rate, nozzle model, and spray solution composition provides different results and application efficiencies. Based on our results, we can state that Span has an impact on the number of droplets prone to drift and quality of canopy coverage. Therefore, this droplet-quality parameter should be considered and displayed in nozzle catalogues to improve nozzle selection and sprayer configuration, thus enhancing application quality.

RESUMO A deriva da pulverização de inseticidas pode proporcionar a redução da eficiência de controle e perda para o ambiente. Desta forma, foi conduzido um estudo com o objetivo de estudar o efeito de diferentes pontas de pulverização e adição de adjuvantes na calda inseticida, em relação ao espectro de gotas e deriva em túnel de vento. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, no esquema fatorial 5 × 3, constituído por cinco caldas, uma apenas com água e outras quatro com inseticida tiametoxam + lambda-cialotrina (sem adjuvante, Oro-solve, Wetcit Gold e Orobor N1), combinadas com três pontas de pulverização (AXI, JFC e J3D). Foi avaliado o espectro das gotas, através do diâmetro mediano volumétrico, amplitude relativa e porcentagem do volume de gotas com diâmetro ≤ 100 µm. A deriva foi avaliada em túnel de vento, a diferentes distâncias: 5, 10 e 15 m. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Além disso, foram realizadas análises de componentes principais. A aplicação do inseticida com os adjuvantes combinados com as diferentes pontas de pulverização alterou o espectro de gotas e o risco da deriva. A ponta AXI e a J3D associada aos adjuvantes Oro-solve e Wetcit Gold apresentaram maiores diâmetros medianos volumétricos das gotas e deriva a 5 m.

ABSTRACT Insecticide spray drift can lead to reduced control efficiency and loss of product to the environment. Thus, we conducted a study to evaluate the effect of different spray nozzles and the addition of adjuvants in insecticide spray on the resulting droplet spectrum and wind tunnel drift. All experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with four repetitions using a 5 × 3 factorial scheme. Five spraying solutions were studied; one contained only water and the other four comprised thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin (no adjuvant, Oro-solve, Wetcit Gold, and Orobor N1), in combination with three spray nozzles (AXI, JFC, and J3D). The droplet spectrum was evaluated through the volumetric median diameter, relative amplitude, and percentage of the droplet volume with diameter ≤ 100 µm. The drifts were evaluated in a wind tunnel at 5, 10, and 15 m. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared using the Tukey’s test. In addition, a principal component analysis was performed. Application of the insecticide with the adjuvants combined with the different nozzles changed the droplet spectrum and the risk of drift. The AXI nozzle and the J3D associated with the Oro-solve and Wetcit Gold adjuvants resulted in a greater volumetric median diameter of the droplets and drifts were observed at 5 m.

ABSTRACT The herbicide glyphosate is sprayed with varying application volumes that result in different concentrations used in the spray solutions. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of glyphosate concentrations on the potential risk of droplet drift, surface tension of spray solution, and contact angle of droplets on surfaces. Three experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design. Drift potential was evaluated by median volumetric diameter (MVD), percentage volume of droplets with diameter smaller than 100 μm (%V<100 μm), and coefficient of uniformity (Span), with 12 replications. The surface tension of spray solutions and contact angle of droplets were evaluated on Urochloa ruziziensis leaves, paraffin film, and glass, with four replications. Changing glyphosate concentrations in the spray solution changes the droplet spectrum and contact angle on different surfaces due to changes in spray solution physicochemical characteristics, such as surface tension. The increased glyphosate concentrations in the spray solution lead to increased drift potential of droplets, reducing the surface tension and contact angle of droplets on surfaces.

ABSTRACT The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the quality of the spraying by the spray volume deposit provided by different nozzles models in two agrometeorological conditions of application. Four parameters related to spray quality were evaluated: spray volume deposit, droplet size, surface tension and contact angle. The treatments consisted of three nozzle models (AXI Twin 12002, TTJ 110015 and JAI 120015) and two application times (between 02:00 p.m. and 04:00 p.m. and between 08:00 a.m. and 09:30 a.m.). The spray volume deposit in the upper portion of the soybean plants was similar, but the JAI 120015 nozzle model produces more uniform droplet spectra and is safer than the AXI Twin 12002 and TTJ 110015 due to the highest drift risk. It is necessary to study alternatives that increase spray deposits in the lower portion of the crop, since in this study the distribution uniformity of the mixture in the portions of the soybean plant was low and the agrometeorological conditions interferes in the deposits of the sprayed mixture but is dependent on the selected nozzle model.

ABSTRACT Biological insecticides can be another pest control method used in integrated pest management; hence there is a demand for scientific information about these products to understand the appropriate application technique. The aim of this study was to evaluate the spray spectra data by different nozzle types using biological insecticide isolated and with adjuvants, as well the surface tension of these spray solutions. For droplet spectra data, a particle size analyzer was used and for surface tension of the spray solution, the method of pendant drop was used. Among the nozzles tested, ADI 11002 provided greater droplets median diameter volume, a lower percentage of droplets with diameters less than 100 μm and also the highest coefficient of uniformity. In general, the addition of adjuvants reduced the median droplet diameter and increased the proportion of drops susceptible to spray drift. By adding adjuvants to the spray solution there was a lower surface tension, which were dependent of the adjuvant chemical group. The Silwet L-77® adjuvant showed the lowest surface tension among the spray solutions evaluated.

RESUMO A corda-de-viola é considerada uma planta daninha infestante de diversas culturas, causando importantes prejuízos. A aplicação de herbicidas químicos, principal método de controle, requer o conhecimento de diversas características da calda e da tecnologia de aplicação para tornar o tratamento fitossanitário mais eficiente. Diante disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar o efeito da incidência de chuvas no controle de Ipomoea hederifolia, considerando o tamanho das gotas, a tensão superficial, o ângulo de contato de gotas formadas por caldas herbicidas em superfícies vegetais e artificiais, associados a adjuvantes e o perfil de distribuição volumétrica do jato pulverizado. A adição dos adjuvantes na calda herbicida melhorou a qualidade da aplicação, pois influenciou no ângulo formado pelo jato de pulverização, ampliando a faixa de deposição da ponta, e diminuiu as gotas suscetíveis à deriva divido às alterações no tamanho das gotas, o que contribui para uma aplicação de segurança. A incidência de chuva afetou negativamente o controle das plantas daninhas nas diferentes caldas e também o peso de massa seca, indicando uma lavagem dos produtos aplicados.

ABSTRACT Scarlet Morning Glory is considered to be an infesting weed that affects several crops and causes serious damage. The application of chemical herbicides, which is the primary control method, requires a broad knowledge of the various characteristics of the solution and application technology for a more efficient phytosanitary treatment. Therefore this study aimed to characterize the effect of rainfall incidence on the control of Ipomoea hederifolia, considering droplet size, surface tension, contact angle of droplets formed by herbicides liquid on vegetal and artificial surfaces, associated to adjuvants and the volumetric distribution profile of the spray jet. The addition of the adjuvants to the herbicide spraying liquid improved the application quality, as it influenced the angle formed by the spray by broadening the deposition band of the spray nozzle and thus the possible distance between the nozzles on spray boom and due the changes at droplet size, which contribute to a safety application. The rainfall occurrence affected negatively the weed control with the different spraying liquids and also the dry matter weight, suggesting that the phytosanitary product applied was washed off.

As características físicas da calda de pulverização são importantes para que haja boa formação de gotas e eficiência de controle sobre determinado alvo. Em função dessas características, pode-se decidir sobre qual o melhor adjuvante, em sua respectiva concentração, poderá ser utilizado durante a pulverização. Para tanto, foram preparadas dez caldas fitossanitárias em que variaram as concentrações do inseticida lufenuron + profenofós, óleo mineral, água e sulfato de manganês. Gotas pendentes formadas a partir dessas misturas foram medidas em sua tensão superficial. Aplicaram-se gotas sobre a superfície de folhas de café e foram medidos a tensão superficial, o ângulo de contato formado e a área da folha molhada pela gota. Uma superfície lisa de vidro foi tomada como comparativo às folhas de café. As maiores concentrações de óleo resultaram em menores valores de tensão superficial, menores ângulos de contato de gotas com a superfície foliar e maiores áreas molhadas pelas gotas. Ambas as superfícies mostraram-se hidrofílicas.

The physical characteristics of a spray liquid are important in getting a good droplet formation and control efficiency over a particular target. As a function of these characteristics, it is possible to decipher which is the best adjuvant based on the respective concentration used during the spray. Therefore, ten spraying liquids were prepared, which varied in concentrations of pesticide lufenuron + profenofos, mineral oil, water and manganese sulfate. Pendant droplets formed from these mixtures were measured to examine their impact on surface tension. Droplets were applied to the surface of coffee leaves and the surface tension, contact angle formed and the leaf area wetted by the droplet, were measured. A smooth glass surface was taken as a comparative to the coffee leaves. The highest concentrations of oil resulted in lower surface tension, smaller contact angles of droplets on leaf surfaces and larger areas wetted by the droplets. Both surfaces showed hydrophilic behavior.

Teve-se o objetivo de avaliar o espectro e a uniformidade de gotas em função de equipamentos de pulverização, volumes de calda e dosagem de inseticida na mortalidade de Pseudoplusia includens em laboratório. O trabalho foi conduzido na UNESP de Jaboticabal, sendo realizada uma aplicação sobre as lagartas com os tratamentos: dois equipamentos (bico rotativo e bico hidráulico); dois volumes de calda (17 e 50 L ha-1 para o bico rotativo, e 50 e 100 L ha-1 para o bico hidráulico), e duas dosagens do inseticida endosulfan (0,5 e 1,0 L p.c. ha-1), segundo delineamento inteiramente casualizado, no esquema fatorial 2x2x2 + 1 testemunha. Avaliou-se diariamente a mortalidade das lagartas até o sexto dia após a aplicação dos tratamentos. O espectro de gotas foi avaliado em aparelho medidor de tamanho de partículas, em tempo real, que determina o diâmetro das gotas do espectro pulverizado por meio do desvio de trajetória que sofrem os raios de um feixe de laser ao atingi-las. Verifica-se que, na aplicação em laboratório, onde o produto atinge diretamente o alvo, o volume pode ser reduzido para até 17 L ha-1, sem prejudicar o controle de P. includens; a dosagem de 0,5 L ha-1 do produto comercial endosulfan (recomendada para Anticarsia gemmatalis) não controla satisfatoriamente a lagarta P. includens; o bico rotativo produz gotas de maior uniformidade (AR: 0,52) e com menor percentagem suscetível à deriva (3,3%), comparada à ponta de pulverização de energia hidráulica (AR:1,34 e % gotas ≤ 100 µm: 15,2).

It was aimed to evaluate the spectrum and uniformity of droplets in function of sprayers, spraying volumes and rates of chemical insecticide on the mortality of Pseudoplusia includens in laboratory. The work was carried out at UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. The following treatments were applied over the caterpillars: two equipments (atomizer and hydraulic nozzle); two spray volumes (17 and 50 L ha-1 for the atomizer and 50 and 100 L ha-1 for the hydraulic nozzle); and two dosages of the insecticide endosulfan (0.5 and 1.0 L pc ha-1), in fully randomized plots, in a factorial scheme 2x2x2 and 1 untreated check. The caterpillars mortality was evaluated until the 6th day after the application of treatments. The spectrum of the droplets was evaluated in a particle size analyzer in real time determining the diameter and spectrum of droplets sprayed through the laser beam of the analyser. It was verified that the spray volume can be reduced by 17 L ha-1 without losses on the P. includens control. The doses of 0.5 L pc ha-1 (recommended for Anticarsia gemmatalis) did not satisfactorily control the caterpillar soybean looper. The atomizer produces droplets of higher uniformity (SPAN: 0.52) and lower percentage of droplets susceptible to drift (3.3%) compared to hydraulic nozzle (SPAN: 1.34 e % droplets ≤ 100µm: 15.2).

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a distribuição de calda por pontas de pulverização hidráulicas para a aplicação de herbicidas em pré-emergência das plantas daninhas, em função do espaçamento na barra utilizada em áreas de reflorestamento com eucalipto. O experimento foi realizado no Laboratório de Ciência das Plantas Daninhas do Departamento de Fitossanidade da UNESP, Câmpus de Jaboticabal. Foram utilizados os modelos com indução de ar AIUB 025, AI 110025, TTI 110015 e DB 12002, considerando o espaçamento de 0,8; 1,0; 1,2 e 1,5 m entre eles. A avaliação da distribuição da calda pulverizada foi realizada em mesa de deposição. Pulverizou-se água com 0,1% do adjuvante não iônico alquilfenol. Os valores observados foram utilizados para a obtenção das curvas de deposição e do coeficiente de variação. Para a sobreposição de dois exemplares de pontas, conclui-se que o modelo AIUB 025 possui menores coeficientes de variação, resultando em melhores características operacionais em relação à AI 110025, TTI 110015 e DB 12002. Para a utilização de três exemplares de pontas, seguindo somente o critério da distribuição da calda, a melhor combinação foi entre AIUB 025 e DB 12002, como intercalar. A utilização da ponta intercalar aumentou significativamente o consumo de calda.

This work aimed to evaluate spray distribution by spraying hydraulic nozzles for the application of herbicides in the pre-emergence of weeds, due to the spacing in spraying boom used in areas reforested with eucalyptus. The trial was carried out at the Weed Science Laboratory from the Phytosanitary Department, UNESP - Jaboticabal Campus - SP, Brazil. It was used air induction nozzles AIUB 025, AI 110025, TTI 110015 and DB 12002, on spacing 0.8; 1.0; 1.2; and 1.5 m, between them. The spraying liquid distribution evaluation was done in patternator table. It was sprayed water plus 0.1% of non-ionic adjuvant alkylphenol . The observed values were considered to obtain deposition curves and calculate the variation coefficient. It was observed that the model AIUB 025 has minor variation coefficients and showed the best features of spraying distribution in relation to AI 110025, TTI 110015 and DB 12002 for two nozzles. Considering three nozzles, and following only the distribution criteria, the best combination was with AIUB 025 and DB 12002, this last one between two AIUBs. The third nozzle had significantly increased the consumption of spraying volume.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar o espectro de gotas e os perfis de distribuição volumétrica de um bico hidráulico de jato plano de faixa expandida, modelo XR11003. Utilizou-se de analisador de partículas a laser para avaliar o espectro de gotas e de mesa de deposição para análise da distribuição volumétrica. O ensaio do espectro de gotas foi em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 3, com três repetições, em que o primeiro fator representa o líquido pulverizado (L1 = água e L2 = água + 0,1% de espalhante adesivo não-iônico), o segundo representa a pressão de pulverização (P1 = 200 kPa e P2 = 400 kPa) e o terceiro representa três bicos hidráulicos XR11003 de jato plano (B1, B2 e B3). No ensaio de distribuição volumétrica, o delineamento foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial com dois fatores, não se avaliando o fator bico. Dos resultados do espectro de gotas, observaram-se maior tamanho de gotas para a pressão de 200 kPa e menor amplitude relativa quando se utilizou 0,1% de adjuvante. Para os perfis de distribuição volumétrica, ocorreu aumento na faixa de deposição e no espaçamento entre bicos com C.V. de 10%, com a adição de 0,1% de adjuvante e aumento na pressão.

The present work had for objective to evaluate the spectrum of drops and the volumetric distribution of a hydraulic nozzle of a plane jet of expanded strip, model XR11003. A laser particle analyzer was used to evaluate the spectrum of drops and a deposition table was used for analysis of the volumetric distribution. The experiment of the spectrum of drops was a completely randomized design, factorial 2 x 2 x 3, with three repetitions, where the first factor represents the sprayed liquid (L1 = water and L2 = water + 0,1% of no-ionic surfactant), the second factor represents the application pressure (P1 = 200 kPa e P2 = 400 kPa) and the third factor represents three nozzles XR11003 of the plane jet (B1, B2 e B3). The experiment of volumetric distribution was completely randomized design, factorial 2 x 2, not evaluating the factor nozzle. The results evidenced larger size of drops for the pressure of 200 kPa, and smaller relative width when it was used 0,1% of adjuvant. For the profiles of volumetric distribution, it increased the deposition strip, and in the spacing among beaks with C.V. of 10%, with the addition of 0,1% of adjuvant and increasing in the pressure.

No plantio mecanizado da cana-de-açúcar, há dificuldades em se proteger a cultura contra pragas e doenças do solo, requerendo uma tecnologia de aplicação de produtos fitossanitários que respeite o ambiente e os custos de produção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar um sistema de pulverização para controle de doenças e pragas do solo, conjugado ao equipamento de plantio mecanizado de toletes de cana-de-açúcar, tomando como alvo-indicador a podridão-abacaxi. Delineou-se o experimento em blocos ao acaso, em área de plantio comercial da variedade SP-891115. A pulverização deu-se na região da calha do equipamento de plantio, por onde os toletes deslizam até o solo. Avaliaram-se o número de perfilhos brotados e a produção da cultura. Os resultados foram comparados pelo número e percentagem de perfilhos e pelo acréscimo na produção em relação à testemunha não-tratada. Com base nos resultados observados, concluiu-se que o sistema de pulverização de produtos fitossanitários conjugado ao plantio mecanizado proporcionou a recuperação da produtividade na cultura da cana-de-açúcar de até 15%, na maior dose utilizada para o controle da podridão-abacaxi, demonstrando ser promissor para o tratamento de toletes e visando à proteção contra doenças e pragas de solo.

On mechanized planting of sugarcane the stem there are harvested and buried in the furrow in successive operations. In this system there is difficultysome difficulties to protect the crop againstto pests and soil diseaseson the without enlarge the , requiring spray technology of pesticides that respect the environment and production costs and the environmental impacts, needing development on the spray technology by pesticides. Due that, is increasing the importance of problems like pineapple disease, that affect the meristematic arise and growing up of plants from soil. The aim of this research was evaluate a spraying system conjugated with mechanized planter, to treatment of stem on its way to the soil, for controlling of pineapple disease.. This research aimed to evaluate a spraying system to control both soil pests and diseases, conjugated with a mechanized planter of sugarcane stems, taking pineapple rottenness as an indicative target. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks on area of commercial plantingfield of sugarcane crop, variety SP-891115. The spraying was over a planter gutter, where the stem slidesstems slide down to the soil. That It was evaluated the number of arise and crop production. The results The results were compared to with the number and percentage of arises and percentage of production as over then check plot. We It was concluded that spraying system of pesticides conjugated with mechanized planter, provided satisfactory control of pineapple disease, with increasing at productivity recovery until on sugarcane crop up to 15%.%, on major dose applied to control of pineapple rottenness, revealing to be a promising system to stem treatment aiming to protect sugarcane crop from both soil pests and rottenness.